Cloning

Cloning

Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two.

Cloning in Animals:

• Copy transgenic organisms
• Keep ideal organisms
• Create large numbers of rare species

Cloning in Humans:

• Organ donor clones
• Children for sterile couples

Dolly the sheep (clone)

Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way.

The process of cloning complex organisms is called
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

1. The nucleus of a body cell is taken by a tiny pipette (this process is called enucleation)
2. The chromosomes in an egg cell are removed.
3. The nucleus from the body cell is extracted into the egg cell.
4. We wait for couple of hours until the DNA and the egg cell adjusts to one another (the DNA reprograms itself to work as if it was in an egg cell.
5. We now stumulate the cell devision untill the cell reach up to 16, creating an embryo
6. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it continues to develop until birth.
7. A clone of the donor of DNA is then born.

Try cloning a mouse yourself

It took the scientist more than 100 attempts before Dolly was born successfully with the new cloning technology.


Should we clone humans?

Cloning an organism copies the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from the donor organism to a new egg cell which then allows the development of an embryo trough the natural processes. The new organism will have the same features as the donor had due to the same DNA containment throughout the whole body, this brings up quite a few ethical problem dealing with the process of creating a clone and therefore giving it the right to live as a copy of someone, which would lead to a social sigma that would mark it as "The Clone". If a person pays for someone to be cloned, he may want the right to "own" and have all rights on the organism which is said to be unethical and cruel to the clones rights.
Another major issue with cloning is that when the DNA is taken from a donor's cell it has already aged depending on how old the donor is, this then impacts on the Clone as all of the cells contain aged DNA decreasing the clone's life durance.

Global warming

Global Warming - An Inconvenient Truth or A Convenient Lie

Global Warming Myth/ Convenient Lie

/Lies, lies, damnable lies!

• http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=20070315&articleId=5086

1. By Andrew G. Marshall

2. Many of the fact in this article are opposed to some research even though it is not too clear where most of the researches came from- just stating fact but rarely linking to existing scientific researches by well know scientists.

3. Global warming is here, but the people are not contributing / giving an impact on the climate change ( it is natural)

4. This article gives a lot of information on other irrelevant fact, which actually I find interesting but are not clearly linked to the point of the author. The site does not change my opinion on how I see global warming.

• http://www.globalwarminglies.com/

1.http://www.myspace.com/globalwarminglies (the author is anonymous but he also says that he is not a specialist but as he says he researched about global warming himself and found out quite a lot of facts on which he proves a point)

2. The points this author made were well supported by a dozen of graphs and other articles by well-known scientists around the world and it was presented in a simplistic way so that the majority of the people can access information and understand it deeply.

3. The author used to trust the scientist and he was very enthusiastic of convincing more and more people for global warming but then he made his own research and he put up many facts and researches together coming up with a suitable version of this “story” explaining that it is all natural and humans have very little to do with it, he also says the higher the CO₂ the more plants produce more and better fruits which will contribute to decreasing the hunger around the world.

4. Quote from the site: “The reason this site was made is because all you hear about is how global warming is going to destroy the earth. This just isn't the case, in fact it's the opposite! Science and history have proven that more food is produced in a warmer climate. There are already millions of people who die a slow death every day from starvation and malnutrition. If it weren't for the CO2 increase and slightly warmer temperatures there would be more.”

The site made me think all over the facts I know abo

ut the global warming and it actually increased my suspicion for other people faking it but even after that, I evaluated the situation. At that time, I remembered when my uncle said that in the UK snow above 20 cm occurred for the first time in 20 years. After all, I still believe that global warming is here and that we can prevent it from happening by reducing the CO₂.

• http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0301global warming.htm

1. By Alan Caruba

2. All the facts in this article are irrelevant to the point and the conclusion that global warming is a myth and have no actual impact on the reader after its all nonsense after the reader has put mostly opinions made by him based on his own thoughts.

3. The author wants to emphasize and make it clear that “THERE IS NO GLOBAL WARMING!” as he wrote in his article, but apparently he cannot convince us without having any facts put in his arguments

4. This article dint even make me think of doubting that man contributes in Global Warming

Global Warming – Act now/ Beware

• http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/global_warming_update3.php

1. NASA organization

2. Most of the facts have an evident reference of a scientific research, often graphs and links of other articles stating similar/same theories are evident.

3. The article’s main point is to inform us about global warming (i.e. what is it, how does it form, possible risks and changes of the environment, impacts on human race and other organisms, summarize and explain simply and gradually going in to more detail)

4. Overall, the site assures me with my own opinion of the situation by the detailed explanation

• http://illconsidered.blogspot.com/2006/02/how-to-talk-to-global-warming-sceptic.html

1. Skeptic guide by Coby

2. The author quotes and explains facts that connect to global warming referencing them with many scientific articles trough hyperlinks and explanations.

3. This article conveys a sense of responsibility for the environment change due to human activities during the past few centuries.

4. It helped me understand the consequences and the actions I should perform to reduce my Carbon Footprint and therefore my portion of pollution. By doing this I help preserving our planet and only home we have, so that our children and grandchildren can see it as we see it right now.

• http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/

1. Union of concerned scientists

2. There are many links with other articles, and a sufficient amount of case studies around the world showing present climate changes, the disappearance of species and the impacts of all that on the human kind.

3. This article tries to convince us of the existence of global warming and the affect on us. It also shows how we could prevent all this from happening to us and our children.

4. The article shows a straightforward structure, which is easy to understand and realize, with all the facts, and references it convinces the reader of the human impact on global warming, and the impact of global warming on the human.

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